Where and how spit hoods are used across the U.S.

January 25, 2026 - 22:05

A recent nationwide investigation has uncovered the extensive use of spit hoods within medical facilities across the United States. The findings indicate these controversial restraint devices have been employed in hospitals and other healthcare settings in at least 29 states over the past ten years.

Spit hoods, mesh or breathable fabric sacks placed over a person's head, are ostensibly used to protect staff from bites and spitting. Their application, however, has repeatedly sparked intense debate and legal scrutiny. Critics, including civil rights advocates and medical ethicists, argue the devices are degrading, dangerous, and can cause severe psychological distress or physical harm, particularly if a person is vomiting or has difficulty breathing.

Proponents in law enforcement and some healthcare environments maintain they are a necessary tool of last resort for containing biological threats and ensuring frontline worker safety. The investigation highlights that despite high-profile incidents and growing controversy, their use in medical contexts remains widespread with varying and often unclear protocols. The report underscores a pressing national conversation about the balance between safety, dignity, and appropriate restraint in care settings.